The Interaction Between Migratory and Native Birds in Indonesia: Sharing Space and Resources

Migratory Birds image source 
https://www.discovery.com/nature/flying-south--the-bird-migration-story-pictures

*Heri Tarmizi

Studies have shown that while some level of competition exists, the diverse ecosystems in Indonesia often provide enough resources to support both native and migratory species.

Indonesia, with its rich biodiversity, hosts nearly 18% of the world's bird species, making it a critical region for both native and migratory birds. According to Burung Indonesia (2023), there are 1,836 species of native birds and approximately 243 species of migratory birds that visit the archipelago annually. Every autumn, these migratory species, including raptors, shorebirds, and terrestrial birds, travel from their breeding sites to wintering grounds in Indonesia. This journey is fraught with challenges, as these birds need adequate food and resting sites along their migratory routes. This essay explores the dynamics between migratory and native birds in Indonesia, focusing on their competition for resources, potential conflicts, and the local people's understanding of the migratory phenomenon.

Migratory Birds in Indonesia

Migratory birds undertake long and arduous journeys, relying on various stopover sites to rest and refuel. Indonesia's geographical position makes it a vital stopover and wintering ground. Species such as the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica), the Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis), and the Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) are just a few examples of migratory birds that visit Indonesia  .

Competition for Resources

One of the primary concerns regarding the interaction between migratory and native birds is competition for resources. Both groups require food and suitable habitats to thrive. Studies have shown that while some level of competition exists, the diverse ecosystems in Indonesia often provide enough resources to support both native and migratory species . For example, the presence of different feeding niches reduces direct competition. Shorebirds might feed on invertebrates along mudflats, while forest-dwelling migratory birds might forage for insects and fruits in different forest strata .

 Food Resources

The availability of food resources is crucial for the survival of both native and migratory birds. Migratory birds, after their long flights, need high-energy food to replenish their reserves. Native birds, on the other hand, have established territories and feeding grounds. Research indicates that migratory birds can sometimes outcompete native birds for food, especially in degraded habitats where resources are limited  . However, in healthy ecosystems, the competition is often minimal due to the abundance of food and the temporal separation of feeding times .

Disease Transmission

Another significant concern is the potential for disease transmission between migratory and native birds. Migratory birds can carry pathogens over long distances, posing a risk to native bird populations. Studies have highlighted instances where migratory birds have introduced diseases such as avian influenza to new regions . However, healthy native bird populations with strong immune systems can often resist these pathogens, reducing the impact of disease transmission .

 Habitat Sharing and Conflicts

The competition for space is another aspect of the interaction between migratory and native birds. Wetlands, forests, and coastal areas are crucial habitats for both groups. In some cases, habitat degradation and loss exacerbate conflicts, as birds are forced to share increasingly limited spaces . Efforts to conserve and restore habitats are essential to mitigate these conflicts. For instance, the restoration of mangrove forests not only benefits native species but also provides crucial stopover sites for migratory birds .

Local People's Understanding and Impact

The awareness and understanding of local communities about migratory birds play a significant role in conservation efforts. In many parts of Indonesia, traditional beliefs and practices align with the protection of birds and their habitats. Community-based conservation initiatives have proven effective in safeguarding both native and migratory bird species. For example, in West Papua, the Arfak Mountains community participates in the monitoring and protection of bird habitats, benefiting both resident and migratory species .

Education and Outreach

Educating local communities about the importance of migratory birds and their ecological roles is vital. Outreach programs that highlight the benefits of bird conservation, such as ecotourism opportunities and ecosystem services, can foster positive attitudes towards protecting bird habitats. School programs, community workshops, and citizen science projects are effective tools in raising awareness and encouraging active participation in conservation efforts .

Conclusion

The interaction between migratory and native birds in Indonesia is a complex and dynamic relationship shaped by competition for resources, habitat sharing, and potential conflicts. While challenges exist, the rich biodiversity and diverse ecosystems of Indonesia provide ample opportunities for both groups to coexist. Conservation efforts, habitat restoration, and community engagement are critical in ensuring the survival and thriving of both native and migratory bird species. By fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of migratory birds, local communities can play a pivotal role in the conservation of these remarkable avian travelers.

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