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| Eurasian whimbler by Heri tarmizi |
Introduction
Mangrove forests are crucial ecosystems that provide essential services to various species, particularly migratory birds like the Eurasian Whimbrel ( Numenius phaeopus ). In Banda Aceh, situated at the northern tip of Sumatra, the mangrove forests serve as vital staging and feeding grounds for these birds. This paper explores the significance of the mangrove forests in Banda Aceh, particularly the 250-hectare mangrove area in Gampong Pande, as a critical habitat for the Eurasian Whimbrel during its migration period, and examines the birds' behavior and interaction with this unique ecosystem.
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| Eurasian whimbler using the mangrove for pierce By Heri tarmizi |
Ecological Significance of Mangroves
Mangrove forests are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions. They are characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that thrive in intertidal zones. These ecosystems offer numerous ecological benefits, including coastal protection, water filtration, carbon sequestration, and serving as nurseries for various marine species. For migratory birds, mangroves provide essential resources such as food, shelter, and safe resting spots during long migrations.
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| Image by Heri tarmizi |
Banda Aceh's Geographic Advantage
Banda Aceh is strategically located at the crossroads of the Malacca Strait and the Indian Ocean. This positioning makes it a significant stopover point for migratory birds traveling along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The mangrove forests in this region, particularly those in Gampong Pande, offer an ideal habitat for species like the Eurasian Whimbrel. These birds migrate from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to wintering sites in the Southern Hemisphere, making stops at various locations to rest and refuel.
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| Image by Google Earth |
The Eurasian Whimbrel's Dependency on Mangroves
The Eurasian Whimbrel is a long-billed wader known for its distinctive call and remarkable migratory endurance. During migration, these birds require habitats that offer abundant food and protection from predators and harsh weather. In Banda Aceh, the mangroves provide an ample supply of invertebrates and other small prey, which are crucial for the Whimbrel's sustenance. Additionally, the dense vegetation of the mangroves offers shelter and protection, allowing the birds to rest and regain energy for the next leg of their journey.
Observations in Gampong Pande Mangrove Area
In May, which marks the end of the spring migration period, observations in the Gampong Pande mangrove area revealed the presence of a group of Eurasian Whimbrels. Approximately ten individuals were spotted using the mangrove trees for perching during high tide. This behavior underscores the importance of the mangroves as a refuge during times when the tidal waters make foraging on the mudflats challenging.
The birds were seen using the mangrove trees not only for perching but also as a means of protection from predators and environmental elements such as strong winds and high tides. This dual role of the mangroves—as both a feeding ground and a safe resting area—highlights their critical role in the survival and success of migratory birds.
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| Image By Heri tarmizi |
Challenges and Conservation Efforts
Despite their importance, mangrove forests face numerous threats, including deforestation, pollution, and climate change. In Banda Aceh, the expansion of urban areas, illegal logging, and aquaculture pose significant risks to the integrity of the mangrove ecosystems. These threats can lead to habitat loss and degradation, which in turn affects the bird populations that depend on these habitats.
Conservation efforts are essential to protect and restore mangrove forests in Banda Aceh. Initiatives such as reforestation, sustainable management practices, and community engagement programs are crucial for ensuring the long-term health of these ecosystems. Protecting the mangroves not only benefits the local biodiversity but also supports the broader ecological functions they serve, including supporting migratory bird populations.
Conclusion
The mangrove forests in Banda Aceh, particularly the Kampung Pande area, are indispensable for the Eurasian Whimbrel and other migratory birds. These ecosystems provide essential resources for feeding, resting, and protection during critical stages of the birds' migratory journeys. The observations of Whimbrels using the mangrove trees during high tides emphasize the multifaceted role of these habitats. However, to maintain these benefits, concerted conservation efforts are necessary to mitigate the threats facing mangrove forests. By protecting these vital ecosystems, we can ensure the survival of the Eurasian Whimbrel and other species that rely on them for their migratory success.
Bibliography
- BirdLife International. (2020). Numenius phaeopus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22693174A180305134. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22693174A180305134.en
- Giesen, W., & Wulffraat, S. (1998). Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia. FAO and Wetlands International.
- MacKinnon, J., Verkuil, Y. I., & Murray, N. (2012). IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea). IUCN.
- Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S. J. M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L. G., ... & Somerfield, P. J. (2008). The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review. Aquatic Botany, 89(2), 155-185.
- Woodroffe, C. D. (1992). Mangrove sediments and geomorphology. In A. I. Robertson & D. M. Alongi (Eds.), Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union.
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