Comparison of Yellow-Vented Bulbul and Sooty-Headed Bulbul in Aceh, Indonesia

*Heri Tarmizi

Sooty head bulbul ( left ) yellow vented bulbul ( right ) Image source Google

Both species exhibit a predominantly brown and white plumage, which contributes to the difficulty in distinguishing them at a glance. 

Indonesia, particularly the Aceh region, is home to a rich diversity of avian species. Among these, two commonly observed species of bulbul are the Yellow-Vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier) and the Sooty-Headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster ). Despite their prevalence in urban and lowland areas, distinguishing between these two species can be challenging for novice bird observers due to their similar size and coloration. This essay will elucidate the differences and similarities between these two species, focusing on their physical characteristics, behavior, and nesting patterns.

Physical Characteristics

The Yellow-Vented Bulbul and the Sooty-Headed Bulbul are similar in size, typically ranging from 19 to 21 centimeters in length. Both species exhibit a predominantly brown and white plumage, which contributes to the difficulty in distinguishing them at a glance. However, a key distinguishing feature is the color of their heads. The Yellow-Vented Bulbul has a distinct white face with a yellow vent and a dark brown crown, which contrasts sharply with its white underparts. In contrast, the Sooty-Headed Bulbul is characterized by its darker, sooty-colored head and nape, providing a more uniformly dark appearance compared to its counterpart.

The bill and legs of both species are black, and they both possess a slightly curved beak, suitable for their omnivorous diet. Their eyes are dark brown, and both have a prominent, albeit short, crest on their heads. While the Yellow-Vented Bulbul's yellow vent is a notable identifier, the Sooty-Headed Bulbul lacks this feature, instead displaying a more uniform coloration across its body.

Behavior

Behaviorally, both species of bulbul are quite similar. They are known for their active and agile nature, often seen flitting about in search of food. Both species are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of fruits, nectar, and insects. Their feeding habits make them important seed dispersers in their habitats, contributing to the health and regeneration of the ecosystem.

The vocalizations of the two species are somewhat different, with the Yellow-Vented Bulbul producing a series of melodious and varied calls, while the Sooty-Headed Bulbul’s calls are often described as more monotonous and repetitive. Despite this difference, both species are highly vocal and can often be heard before they are seen.

In urban areas of Aceh, these birds have adapted well to human presence, frequently visiting parks, backyards, and green spaces. They are known to be quite bold, often foraging close to human activity. Their adaptability to different environments, including urban settings, has made them common sights in Aceh.

Nesting Patterns

The nesting patterns of the Yellow-Vented Bulbul and the Sooty-Headed Bulbul are remarkably similar. Both species typically build their nests in shrubs or low trees, often at a height of 1 to 3 meters above the ground. The nests are constructed using a combination of plant fibers, twigs, leaves, and rootlets, forming a small, cup-shaped structure.

The breeding season for both species generally occurs during the wetter months when food resources are abundant. The female usually lays two to three eggs per clutch. The eggs are incubated for about 12 to 14 days, during which both parents take turns keeping them warm. After hatching, the chicks are fed by both parents and fledge after approximately 10 to 12 days.

Despite their similar nesting habits, one subtle difference can be observed in the location preferences for their nests. The Yellow-Vented Bulbul tends to favor more open areas within the urban environment, while the Sooty-Headed Bulbul often selects slightly denser vegetation for its nesting sites. This slight difference in habitat preference can sometimes assist observers in identifying the species.

Conclusion

In summary, while the Yellow-Vented Bulbul and the Sooty-Headed Bulbul share many similarities in size, behavior, and nesting patterns, key differences in their physical characteristics, particularly the color of their heads, allow for their identification. The Yellow-Vented Bulbul, with its white face and yellow vent, contrasts with the Sooty-Headed Bulbul's darker, more uniform head coloration. Understanding these distinctions is essential for accurate species identification, especially for novice bird observers in Aceh.

Both species are integral to the ecosystem, contributing to seed dispersal and the ecological balance. Their presence in urban areas highlights their adaptability and the importance of maintaining green spaces in cities to support biodiversity.

 Bibliography

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2. Wells, D. R. (2010). The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 2 (Passerines). Christopher Helm.

3. Strange, M. (2002). A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Indonesia. Christopher Helm.

4. Smythies, B. E., & Davison, G. W. H. (1999).  The Birds of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.