Schneider's Pitta (Hydrornis schneideri): Present Status and Conservation Challenges

 *Heri tarmizi

Adult Male image source https://ebird.org/species/schpit1

Adult Female https://ebird.org/species/schpit1

Although the population trend is suspected to be decreasing, the decline is not rapid enough to classify it as Vulnerable.

Introduction

Schneider's Pitta Hydrornis schneideri is an enigmatic and rare bird endemic to the montane forests of Sumatra, Indonesia. Known for its distinctive appearance and elusive nature, this species is a significant part of Sumatra's rich avifauna. This essay explores the present status, ecological significance, threats, and conservation efforts related to Schneider's Pitta, incorporating data from various sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the species.

Present Status

IUCN Red List Classification

Schneider's Pitta is currently classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. This classification is based on its relatively large range and the stability of its population trend. Despite some habitat loss, the decline in its population is not rapid enough to meet the thresholds for a higher threat category (BirdLife International, 2024).

Justification of Red List Category

The IUCN Red List assessment for Schneider's Pitta highlights that the species has an extent of occurrence of about 40,000 square kilometers. Although the population trend is suspected to be decreasing, the decline is not rapid enough to classify it as Vulnerable. The population size, while unknown, is not believed to be below 10,000 mature individuals, which is the threshold for Vulnerable status (BirdLife International, 2024).

Population Size and Trend

There is a lack of precise data on the population size of Schneider's Pitta. However, it is described as uncommon, and camera-trap surveys suggest that it is as frequently recorded as the Malay Banded Pitta, which is not considered rare. The area of suitable habitat is extensive, and despite the absence of density data, it is unlikely that the number of mature individuals is fewer than 10,000 (Dinata et al., 2008; eBird, 2022).

Ecological Significance

Schneider's Pitta inhabits tropical lower and upper montane rainforests, typically found between 900 and 2,400 meters above sea level. This species is an integral part of the forest ecosystem, contributing to insect population control and seed dispersal. It forages on the forest floor, primarily consuming insects and other small invertebrates, and plays a role in maintaining the health and balance of its habitat (Eaton et al., 2021).

Identification and Behavior

Schneider's Pitta is a medium-sized, elusive bird with distinct sexual dimorphism. Males have a bright blue mantle, wing-coverts, rump, and tail, along with a blackish-brown wing and rusty-brown plumage. Females, in contrast, lack the black collar and have a brown mantle. Juveniles are characterized by white spots on their crown, wings, and breast. The species is known for its peculiar song, described as a spaceship-like “oowOOOOwooWOOH,” which is an important identification feature (eBird, 2022).

Threats

Habitat Loss and Degradation

The primary threat to Schneider's Pitta is habitat loss and degradation. Deforestation, driven by logging and agricultural expansion, particularly palm oil plantations, has led to significant habitat fragmentation. Although the forest cover loss in its range was estimated to be between 2-5% over the past three generations, this has had a relatively minor impact on the population. However, ongoing habitat destruction poses a continuous threat (Global Forest Watch, 2022).

Agricultural Incursions

In the elevational range of Schneider's Pitta, minor agricultural activities, rather than large-scale plantations, are the main cause of habitat loss. These activities can disrupt the forest structure and reduce the availability of suitable foraging and nesting sites, ultimately affecting the bird's reproductive success and survival (Bird et al., 2020).

 Climate Change

Climate change poses an indirect but significant threat to Schneider's Pitta. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter the montane ecosystems where the bird resides. Such changes may affect the availability of food resources and suitable habitat, potentially leading to a decline in the population (BirdLife International, 2024).

Human Disturbance

Increasing human activities, such as tourism and settlement expansion, can lead to disturbances in Schneider's Pitta's natural habitat. These disturbances can cause stress and displacement, further exacerbating the threats faced by the species (BirdLife International, 2024).

Conservation Efforts

Protected Areas

A significant portion of Schneider's Pitta's range lies within protected areas, including Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. These areas provide a refuge from deforestation and other anthropogenic pressures, offering a safe haven for the species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, 2022). Surveys

Surveys and Monitoring

Continuous research and monitoring of Schneider's Pitta's population trends, habitat use, and threats are essential to inform and adapt conservation strategies. Surveys to determine the species' population size and its tolerance of habitat degradation are crucial for effective conservation planning (BirdLife International, 2024).

Remote Sensing Data

Using remote sensing data to monitor habitat trends helps in understanding the extent of habitat loss and fragmentation. This information is vital for implementing targeted conservation actions and ensuring the protection of critical habitats (Global Forest Watch, 2022).

Community Engagement

Engaging local communities in conservation activities, such as sustainable land-use practices and eco-tourism, helps to raise awareness and support for the protection of Schneider's Pitta. Community involvement is crucial for the long-term success of conservation efforts (BirdLife International, 2024).

Conservation Actions Proposed

Legal Protections

Strengthening and enforcing existing environmental laws and regulations to prevent illegal logging and land conversion within Schneider's Pitta's habitat is essential. Establishing new protected areas and ensuring effective management of existing ones can further safeguard the species (BirdLife International, 2024).

Sustainable Land-Use Practices

Promoting sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroforestry, can reduce the impact on natural forests and provide economic benefits to local communities. Encouraging these practices helps to maintain habitat quality and connectivity, essential for the survival of Schneider's Pitta (BirdLife International, 2024).

Climate Change Mitigation

Implementing strategies to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change impacts can help preserve the montane ecosystems where Schneider's Pitta thrives. Conservation efforts should also focus on enhancing the resilience of these ecosystems to climate change (BirdLife International, 2024).

Conclusion

Schneider's Pitta is a remarkable bird species that highlights the unique biodiversity of Sumatra. Despite being classified as Least Concern, the species faces significant threats from habitat loss, climate change, and human disturbance. Ongoing and enhanced conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the long-term survival of Schneider's Pitta. By implementing robust conservation strategies, promoting sustainable practices, and engaging local communities, we can protect this elusive bird and preserve its natural habitat for future generations.

Bibliography and References

- BirdLife International. (2024). Species factsheet: Schneider's Pitta Hydrornis schneideri. Retrieved from [BirdLife International]  https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/schneiders-pitta-hydrornis-schneideri on 05/07/2024.

- Dinata, Y., Nugroho, A., Haidir, I. A., & Linkie, M. (2008). Camera trapping rare and endangered avifauna in West-central Sumatra. Bird Conservation International, 18(1), 30-37.

- eBird. (2022). Schneider's Pitta Hydrornis schneideri. Retrieved from [eBird] https://ebird.org/species/schpit1

- Eaton, J. A., van Balen, B., Brickle, N. W., & Rheindt, F. E. (2021). Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Edicions.

- Global Forest Watch. (2022). Forest cover loss data. Retrieved from [Global Forest Watch]         https://www.globalforestwatch.org

- Hansen, M. C., et al. (2013). High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science, 342(6160), 850-853.

- UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. (2022). Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA).

- Bird, J. P., Martin, R., Akçakaya, H. R., et al. (2020). Generation lengths of the world's birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology, 34(5), 1252-1261.